Ponkey SE, Cohen AP, Heffner LJ, Lieberman E. Intrapartum fetal head position II: comparison between transvaginal digital examination and transabdominal ultrasound assessment during the second stage of labor. Sherer DM, Miodovnik M, Bradley KS, Langer O. Investigation of occiput posterior delivery by intrapartum sonography. Intrapartum ultrasound for the examination of the fetal head position in normal and obstructed labor. Souka AP, Haritos T, Basayiannis K, Noikokyri N, Antsaklis A. Changes in fetal position during labor and their association with epidural analgesia. Lieberman E, Davidson K, Lee-Parritz A, Shearer E. A review of evidence-based practices for management of the second stage of labor. Randomised controlled trial of effect of hands and knees posturing on incidence of occiput posterior position at birth. Kariminia A, Chamberlain ME, Keogh J, Shea A. Influence of persistent occiput posterior position on delivery outcome. Associated factors and outcomes of persistent occiput posterior position: a retrospective cohort study from 1976 to 2001. New York: McGraw Hill n.d.Ĭheng YW, Shaffer BL, Caughey AB. 1994 73(1):45–7.Ĭunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, Casey BM, Spong CY. Persistent occiput posterior presentation-a clinical problem. Occipitoposterior position: associated factors and obstetric outcome in nulliparas. Epidural analgesia and fetal head malposition at vaginal delivery. Throughout the chapter, potential research ideas are posed given the limited evidence surrounding the effects of operative delivery on maternal tissue. Finally, postpartum tubal ligation is addressed. Additionally, the effects that pregnancy and operative deliveries have on the female pelvis and uterus are presented, including pelvic floor dysfunction that results from operative delivery and diastasis recti. In this chapter, these situations are discussed, and variations in technique and the evidence behind recommendations are investigated. Operative delivery may involve the use of forceps or vacuum devices, episiotomy, or performing a cesarean section. In such cases, operative delivery may be necessary to effect a safe birth of the neonate. Certain aspects of the labor process, including fetal malpresentation, may preclude a spontaneous vaginal delivery.
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